This is annotate.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.7 from ./annotate.texinfo. INFO-DIR-SECTION Software development START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY * Annotate: (annotate). The obsolete annotation interface. END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY This file documents GDB's obsolete annotations. Copyright 1994, 1995, 2000, 2001, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".  File: annotate.info, Node: Top, Next: Annotations Overview, Up: (dir) GDB Annotations *************** This document describes the obsolete level two annotation interface implemented in older GDB versions. * Menu: * Annotations Overview:: What annotations are; the general syntax. * Limitations:: Limitations of the annotation interface. * Migrating to GDB/MI:: Migrating to GDB/MI * Server Prefix:: Issuing a command without affecting user state. * Value Annotations:: Values are marked as such. * Frame Annotations:: Stack frames are annotated. * Displays:: GDB can be told to display something periodically. * Prompting:: Annotations marking GDB's need for input. * Errors:: Annotations for error messages. * Breakpoint Info:: Information on breakpoints. * Invalidation:: Some annotations describe things now invalid. * Annotations for Running:: Whether the program is running, how it stopped, etc. * Source Annotations:: Annotations describing source code. * GNU Free Documentation License::  File: annotate.info, Node: Annotations Overview, Next: Limitations, Prev: Top, Up: Top 1 What is an Annotation? ************************ To produce obsolete level two annotations, start GDB with the `--annotate=2' option. Annotations start with a newline character, two `control-z' characters, and the name of the annotation. If there is no additional information associated with this annotation, the name of the annotation is followed immediately by a newline. If there is additional information, the name of the annotation is followed by a space, the additional information, and a newline. The additional information cannot contain newline characters. Any output not beginning with a newline and two `control-z' characters denotes literal output from GDB. Currently there is no need for GDB to output a newline followed by two `control-z' characters, but if there was such a need, the annotations could be extended with an `escape' annotation which means those three characters as output. A simple example of starting up GDB with annotations is: $ gdb --annotate=2 GNU GDB 5.0 Copyright 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions. Type "show copying" to see the conditions. There is absolutely no warranty for GDB. Type "show warranty" for details. This GDB was configured as "sparc-sun-sunos4.1.3" ^Z^Zpre-prompt (gdb) ^Z^Zprompt quit ^Z^Zpost-prompt $ Here `quit' is input to GDB; the rest is output from GDB. The three lines beginning `^Z^Z' (where `^Z' denotes a `control-z' character) are annotations; the rest is output from GDB.  File: annotate.info, Node: Limitations, Next: Migrating to GDB/MI, Prev: Annotations Overview, Up: Top 2 Limitations of the Annotation Interface ***************************************** The level two annotations mechanism is known to have a number of technical and architectural limitations. As a consequence, in 2001, with the release of GDB 5.1 and the addition of GDB/MI, the annotation interface was marked as deprecated. This chapter discusses the known problems. 2.1 Dependant on CLI output =========================== The annotation interface works by interspersing markups with GDB normal command-line interpreter output. Unfortunately, this makes the annotation client dependant on not just the annotations, but also the CLI output. This is because the client is forced to assume that specific GDB commands provide specific information. Any change to GDB's CLI output modifies or removes that information and, consequently, likely breaks the client. Since the GDB/MI output is independant of the CLI, it does not have this problem. 2.2 Scalability =============== The annotation interface relies on value annotations (*note Value Annotations::) and the display mechanism as a way of obtaining up-to-date value information. These mechanisms are not scalable. In a graphical environment, where many values can be displayed simultaneously, a serious performance problem occurs when the client tries to first extract from GDB, and then re-display, all those values. The client should instead only request and update the values that changed. The GDB/MI Variable Objects provide just that mechanism. 2.3 Correctness =============== The annotation interface assumes that a variable's value can only be changed when the target is running. This assumption is not correct. A single assignment to a single variable can result in the entire target, and all displayed values, needing an update. The GDB/MI Variable Objects include a mechanism for efficiently reporting such changes. 2.4 Reliability =============== The GDB/MI interface includes a dedicated test directory (`gdb/gdb.mi'), and any addition or fix to GDB/MI must include testsuite changes. 2.5 Maintainability =================== The annotation mechanism was implemented by interspersing CLI print statements with various annotations. As a consequence, any CLI output change can alter the annotation output. Since the GDB/MI output is independant of the CLI, and the GDB/MI is increasingly implemented independant of the CLI code, its long term maintenance is much easier.  File: annotate.info, Node: Migrating to GDB/MI, Next: Server Prefix, Prev: Limitations, Up: Top 3 Migrating to GDB/MI ********************* By using the `interp mi' command, it is possible for annotation clients to invoke GDB/MI commands, and hence access the GDB/MI. By doing this, existing annotation clients have a migration path from this obsolete interface to GDB/MI.  File: annotate.info, Node: Server Prefix, Next: Value Annotations, Prev: Migrating to GDB/MI, Up: Top 4 The Server Prefix ******************* To issue a command to GDB without affecting certain aspects of the state which is seen by users, prefix it with `server '. This means that this command will not affect the command history, nor will it affect GDB's notion of which command to repeat if is pressed on a line by itself. The server prefix does not affect the recording of values into the value history; to print a value without recording it into the value history, use the `output' command instead of the `print' command.  File: annotate.info, Node: Value Annotations, Next: Frame Annotations, Prev: Server Prefix, Up: Top 5 Values ******** _Value Annotations have been removed. GDB/MI instead provides Variable Objects._ When a value is printed in various contexts, GDB uses annotations to delimit the value from the surrounding text. If a value is printed using `print' and added to the value history, the annotation looks like ^Z^Zvalue-history-begin HISTORY-NUMBER VALUE-FLAGS HISTORY-STRING ^Z^Zvalue-history-value THE-VALUE ^Z^Zvalue-history-end where HISTORY-NUMBER is the number it is getting in the value history, HISTORY-STRING is a string, such as `$5 = ', which introduces the value to the user, THE-VALUE is the output corresponding to the value itself, and VALUE-FLAGS is `*' for a value which can be dereferenced and `-' for a value which cannot. If the value is not added to the value history (it is an invalid float or it is printed with the `output' command), the annotation is similar: ^Z^Zvalue-begin VALUE-FLAGS THE-VALUE ^Z^Zvalue-end When GDB prints an argument to a function (for example, in the output from the `backtrace' command), it annotates it as follows: ^Z^Zarg-begin ARGUMENT-NAME ^Z^Zarg-name-end SEPARATOR-STRING ^Z^Zarg-value VALUE-FLAGS THE-VALUE ^Z^Zarg-end where ARGUMENT-NAME is the name of the argument, SEPARATOR-STRING is text which separates the name from the value for the user's benefit (such as `='), and VALUE-FLAGS and THE-VALUE have the same meanings as in a `value-history-begin' annotation. When printing a structure, GDB annotates it as follows: ^Z^Zfield-begin VALUE-FLAGS FIELD-NAME ^Z^Zfield-name-end SEPARATOR-STRING ^Z^Zfield-value THE-VALUE ^Z^Zfield-end where FIELD-NAME is the name of the field, SEPARATOR-STRING is text which separates the name from the value for the user's benefit (such as `='), and VALUE-FLAGS and THE-VALUE have the same meanings as in a `value-history-begin' annotation. When printing an array, GDB annotates it as follows: ^Z^Zarray-section-begin ARRAY-INDEX VALUE-FLAGS where ARRAY-INDEX is the index of the first element being annotated and VALUE-FLAGS has the same meaning as in a `value-history-begin' annotation. This is followed by any number of elements, where is element can be either a single element: `,' WHITESPACE ; omitted for the first element THE-VALUE ^Z^Zelt or a repeated element `,' WHITESPACE ; omitted for the first element THE-VALUE ^Z^Zelt-rep NUMBER-OF-REPETITIONS REPETITION-STRING ^Z^Zelt-rep-end In both cases, THE-VALUE is the output for the value of the element and WHITESPACE can contain spaces, tabs, and newlines. In the repeated case, NUMBER-OF-REPETITIONS is the number of consecutive array elements which contain that value, and REPETITION-STRING is a string which is designed to convey to the user that repetition is being depicted. Once all the array elements have been output, the array annotation is ended with ^Z^Zarray-section-end  File: annotate.info, Node: Frame Annotations, Next: Displays, Prev: Value Annotations, Up: Top 6 Frames ******** _Value Annotations have been removed. GDB/MI instead provides a number of frame commands._ _Frame annotations are no longer available. The GDB/MI provides `-stack-list-arguments', `-stack-list-locals', and `-stack-list-frames' commands._ Whenever GDB prints a frame, it annotates it. For example, this applies to frames printed when GDB stops, output from commands such as `backtrace' or `up', etc. The frame annotation begins with ^Z^Zframe-begin LEVEL ADDRESS LEVEL-STRING where LEVEL is the number of the frame (0 is the innermost frame, and other frames have positive numbers), ADDRESS is the address of the code executing in that frame, and LEVEL-STRING is a string designed to convey the level to the user. ADDRESS is in the form `0x' followed by one or more lowercase hex digits (note that this does not depend on the language). The frame ends with ^Z^Zframe-end Between these annotations is the main body of the frame, which can consist of * ^Z^Zfunction-call FUNCTION-CALL-STRING where FUNCTION-CALL-STRING is text designed to convey to the user that this frame is associated with a function call made by GDB to a function in the program being debugged. * ^Z^Zsignal-handler-caller SIGNAL-HANDLER-CALLER-STRING where SIGNAL-HANDLER-CALLER-STRING is text designed to convey to the user that this frame is associated with whatever mechanism is used by this operating system to call a signal handler (it is the frame which calls the signal handler, not the frame for the signal handler itself). * A normal frame. This can optionally (depending on whether this is thought of as interesting information for the user to see) begin with ^Z^Zframe-address ADDRESS ^Z^Zframe-address-end SEPARATOR-STRING where ADDRESS is the address executing in the frame (the same address as in the `frame-begin' annotation, but printed in a form which is intended for user consumption--in particular, the syntax varies depending on the language), and SEPARATOR-STRING is a string intended to separate this address from what follows for the user's benefit. Then comes ^Z^Zframe-function-name FUNCTION-NAME ^Z^Zframe-args ARGUMENTS where FUNCTION-NAME is the name of the function executing in the frame, or `??' if not known, and ARGUMENTS are the arguments to the frame, with parentheses around them (each argument is annotated individually as well, *note Value Annotations::). If source information is available, a reference to it is then printed: ^Z^Zframe-source-begin SOURCE-INTRO-STRING ^Z^Zframe-source-file FILENAME ^Z^Zframe-source-file-end : ^Z^Zframe-source-line LINE-NUMBER ^Z^Zframe-source-end where SOURCE-INTRO-STRING separates for the user's benefit the reference from the text which precedes it, FILENAME is the name of the source file, and LINE-NUMBER is the line number within that file (the first line is line 1). If GDB prints some information about where the frame is from (which library, which load segment, etc.; currently only done on the RS/6000), it is annotated with ^Z^Zframe-where INFORMATION Then, if source is to actually be displayed for this frame (for example, this is not true for output from the `backtrace' command), then a `source' annotation (*note Source Annotations::) is displayed. Unlike most annotations, this is output instead of the normal text which would be output, not in addition.  File: annotate.info, Node: Displays, Next: Prompting, Prev: Frame Annotations, Up: Top 7 Displays ********** _Display Annotations have been removed. GDB/MI instead provides Variable Objects._ When GDB is told to display something using the `display' command, the results of the display are annotated: ^Z^Zdisplay-begin NUMBER ^Z^Zdisplay-number-end NUMBER-SEPARATOR ^Z^Zdisplay-format FORMAT ^Z^Zdisplay-expression EXPRESSION ^Z^Zdisplay-expression-end EXPRESSION-SEPARATOR ^Z^Zdisplay-value VALUE ^Z^Zdisplay-end where NUMBER is the number of the display, NUMBER-SEPARATOR is intended to separate the number from what follows for the user, FORMAT includes information such as the size, format, or other information about how the value is being displayed, EXPRESSION is the expression being displayed, EXPRESSION-SEPARATOR is intended to separate the expression from the text that follows for the user, and VALUE is the actual value being displayed.  File: annotate.info, Node: Prompting, Next: Errors, Prev: Displays, Up: Top 8 Annotation for GDB Input ************************** When GDB prompts for input, it annotates this fact so it is possible to know when to send output, when the output from a given command is over, etc. Different kinds of input each have a different "input type". Each input type has three annotations: a `pre-' annotation, which denotes the beginning of any prompt which is being output, a plain annotation, which denotes the end of the prompt, and then a `post-' annotation which denotes the end of any echo which may (or may not) be associated with the input. For example, the `prompt' input type features the following annotations: ^Z^Zpre-prompt ^Z^Zprompt ^Z^Zpost-prompt The input types are `prompt' When GDB is prompting for a command (the main GDB prompt). `commands' When GDB prompts for a set of commands, like in the `commands' command. The annotations are repeated for each command which is input. `overload-choice' When GDB wants the user to select between various overloaded functions. `query' When GDB wants the user to confirm a potentially dangerous operation. `prompt-for-continue' When GDB is asking the user to press return to continue. Note: Don't expect this to work well; instead use `set height 0' to disable prompting. This is because the counting of lines is buggy in the presence of annotations.  File: annotate.info, Node: Errors, Next: Breakpoint Info, Prev: Prompting, Up: Top 9 Errors ******** ^Z^Zquit This annotation occurs right before GDB responds to an interrupt. ^Z^Zerror This annotation occurs right before GDB responds to an error. Quit and error annotations indicate that any annotations which GDB was in the middle of may end abruptly. For example, if a `value-history-begin' annotation is followed by a `error', one cannot expect to receive the matching `value-history-end'. One cannot expect not to receive it either, however; an error annotation does not necessarily mean that GDB is immediately returning all the way to the top level. A quit or error annotation may be preceded by ^Z^Zerror-begin Any output between that and the quit or error annotation is the error message. Warning messages are not yet annotated.  File: annotate.info, Node: Breakpoint Info, Next: Invalidation, Prev: Errors, Up: Top 10 Information on Breakpoints ***************************** _Breakpoint Annotations have been removed. GDB/MI instead provides breakpoint commands._ The output from the `info breakpoints' command is annotated as follows: ^Z^Zbreakpoints-headers HEADER-ENTRY ^Z^Zbreakpoints-table where HEADER-ENTRY has the same syntax as an entry (see below) but instead of containing data, it contains strings which are intended to convey the meaning of each field to the user. This is followed by any number of entries. If a field does not apply for this entry, it is omitted. Fields may contain trailing whitespace. Each entry consists of: ^Z^Zrecord ^Z^Zfield 0 NUMBER ^Z^Zfield 1 TYPE ^Z^Zfield 2 DISPOSITION ^Z^Zfield 3 ENABLE ^Z^Zfield 4 ADDRESS ^Z^Zfield 5 WHAT ^Z^Zfield 6 FRAME ^Z^Zfield 7 CONDITION ^Z^Zfield 8 IGNORE-COUNT ^Z^Zfield 9 COMMANDS Note that ADDRESS is intended for user consumption--the syntax varies depending on the language. The output ends with ^Z^Zbreakpoints-table-end  File: annotate.info, Node: Invalidation, Next: Annotations for Running, Prev: Breakpoint Info, Up: Top 11 Invalidation Notices *********************** The following annotations say that certain pieces of state may have changed. `^Z^Zframes-invalid' The frames (for example, output from the `backtrace' command) may have changed. `^Z^Zbreakpoints-invalid' The breakpoints may have changed. For example, the user just added or deleted a breakpoint.  File: annotate.info, Node: Annotations for Running, Next: Source Annotations, Prev: Invalidation, Up: Top 12 Running the Program ********************** When the program starts executing due to a GDB command such as `step' or `continue', ^Z^Zstarting is output. When the program stops, ^Z^Zstopped is output. Before the `stopped' annotation, a variety of annotations describe how the program stopped. `^Z^Zexited EXIT-STATUS' The program exited, and EXIT-STATUS is the exit status (zero for successful exit, otherwise nonzero). `^Z^Zsignalled' The program exited with a signal. After the `^Z^Zsignalled', the annotation continues: INTRO-TEXT ^Z^Zsignal-name NAME ^Z^Zsignal-name-end MIDDLE-TEXT ^Z^Zsignal-string STRING ^Z^Zsignal-string-end END-TEXT where NAME is the name of the signal, such as `SIGILL' or `SIGSEGV', and STRING is the explanation of the signal, such as `Illegal Instruction' or `Segmentation fault'. INTRO-TEXT, MIDDLE-TEXT, and END-TEXT are for the user's benefit and have no particular format. `^Z^Zsignal' The syntax of this annotation is just like `signalled', but GDB is just saying that the program received the signal, not that it was terminated with it. `^Z^Zbreakpoint NUMBER' The program hit breakpoint number NUMBER. `^Z^Zwatchpoint NUMBER' The program hit watchpoint number NUMBER.  File: annotate.info, Node: Source Annotations, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Annotations for Running, Up: Top 13 Displaying Source ******************** The following annotation is used instead of displaying source code: ^Z^Zsource FILENAME:LINE:CHARACTER:MIDDLE:ADDR where FILENAME is an absolute file name indicating which source file, LINE is the line number within that file (where 1 is the first line in the file), CHARACTER is the character position within the file (where 0 is the first character in the file) (for most debug formats this will necessarily point to the beginning of a line), MIDDLE is `middle' if ADDR is in the middle of the line, or `beg' if ADDR is at the beginning of the line, and ADDR is the address in the target program associated with the source which is being displayed. ADDR is in the form `0x' followed by one or more lowercase hex digits (note that this does not depend on the language).  File: annotate.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Source Annotations, Up: Top 14 GNU Free Documentation License ********************************* Version 1.2, November 2002 Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 0. PREAMBLE The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others. 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Tag Table: Node: Top745 Node: Annotations Overview1844 Node: Limitations3643 Node: Migrating to GDB/MI6228 Node: Server Prefix6611 Node: Value Annotations7257 Node: Frame Annotations10427 Node: Displays14326 Node: Prompting15357 Node: Errors16860 Node: Breakpoint Info17750 Node: Invalidation18975 Node: Annotations for Running19454 Node: Source Annotations20967 Node: GNU Free Documentation License21924  End Tag Table